The development of a functional replacement for the TMJ disc is warranted. This predisposes the joint to arthritic deformation, which may ultimately necessitate total joint replacement. After discectomy, the joint surfaces are exposed to direct mechanical loading and abrasion. Discectomy is required when other treatment options are unsatisfactory or the TMJ disc has become morphologically too altered to be repositioned or repaired by other therapies. Surgery is considered for patients suffering from significant joint dysfunction and persistent pain. Similar to articular cartilage, the TMJ disc lacks an intrinsic regenerative capacity. The displaced or otherwise damaged TMJ disc is exposed to morphological changes and degeneration. Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) frequently involves displacement of the TMJ disc, the most common TMJ arthropathy. While adverse tissue reactions were not shown, the authors suggest that with improved attachment and design, the PLA disc and biomaterial itself would hold potential for TMJ disc replacement. The ASC discs pre-treated with TGF-ОІ1 enhanced the condylar integrity. The ASC disc replacement resulted in dislocation and morphological changes in the rabbit TMJ. The left condyle treated with the differentiated ASC discs appeared consistently smoother and more sclerotic than the right condyle. No signs of infection, inflammation or foreign body reactions were detected at histology, whereas chronic arthrosis and considerable condylar hypertrophy were observed in all operated joints at CBCT. Thereafter, the excised TMJ areas were examined with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and histology. The control and differentiated ASC discs were implanted, respectively, in the right and left TMJs of rabbits for six ( n = 5) and 12 months ( n = 5). Prior to implantation, expression of fibrocartilaginous genes was measured by qRT-PCR. These ASC discs were pre-cultured either in control or in differentiation medium, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-ОІ1 for one week. We investigated tissue-engineered bilayer polylactide (PLA) discs and autologous adipose stem cells (ASCs) as a potential replacement for the TMJ disc. It was concluded that dissatisfaction with one's workshift schedule and not merely irregular shift work may aggravate stress and bruxism.The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc lacks functional replacement after discectomy. In multivariate analyses, frequent bruxism was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with current workshift schedule ( P < 0.05), number of dental visits ( P < 0.05), and visits to a physician ( P < 0.01), and negatively associated with age ( P < 0.05), while severe stress was significantly positively associated with number of visits to a physician ( P < 0.001). Workers dissatisfied with their current schedule reported both bruxism ( P < 0.01) and stress ( P < 0.001) more often than those who felt satisfied. Irregular shift work was significantly associated with more frequent stress ( P < 0.001), but not with selfвЂђreported bruxism.

Those with irregular shifts were more often dissatisfied with their current workshift schedule than those in daytime work (25.1% versus 5.1%, P < 0.01). The response rates were 58.3% ( n = 874, 53.7% men) overall, 82.3% ( n = 617, 56.6% men) for irregular shift workers and 34.3% ( n = 257, 46.7% men) for the regular daytime work group. The aim was to analyze whether irregular shift work, workload in terms of weekly working hours, dissatisfaction with current workshift schedule, healthвЂђcare use, age and gender were associated with selfвЂђreported bruxism and experienced stress. A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work ( n = 750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls with regular 8вЂђhour daytime work.

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